The 16F is 14 bit, and the 18F is 16 bit, this allows the 18F series to have a larger instruction set - the 18F has an instruction set that's optimised for use with C, and MicroChip even provide a free C compiler for it. Essentially it's a higher end version of the 16F, and runs faster as well, with an internal PLL that can run four times faster than the external crystal.
If you're starting PIC programming, the 16F are a good place to start. It's a fairly easy progression to the 18F.
Pic16F is Slow. If you want to make blinking lights it is fine. For Pic18F, if you are gonna use a pic you might as well start using the Pic18 instead, they are just as cheap as the Pic16 and generally offer better.
If you must choose PIC then it better to choose the PIC18. If you must use PIC16 then use can use any language you want, suitable for simple language like something that is easy and quick.
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